来源：Deephub Imba

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本文将使用CIFAR 10和一个自定义AlexNet模型。

在以前Pytorch只有一种量化的方法，叫做“eager mode qunatization”，在量化我们自定定义模型时经常会产生奇怪的错误，并且很难解决。但是最近，PyTorch发布了一种称为“fx-graph-mode-qunatization”的方方法。在本文中我们将研究这个fx-graph-mode-qunatization”看看它能不能让我们的量化操作更容易，更稳定。

本文将使用CIFAR 10和一个自定义AlexNet模型，我对这个模型进行了小的修改以提高效率，最后就是因为模型和数据集都很小，所以CPU也可以跑起来。

 import os import cv2 import time import torch import numpy as np import torchvision from PIL import Image import torch.nn as nn import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from torchvision import transforms from torchvision import datasets, models, transforms device = "cpu" print(device) transform = transforms.Compose([    transforms.Resize(224),    transforms.ToTensor(),    transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])    ]) batch_size = 8 trainset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True,                                        download=True, transform=transform) testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False,                                        download=True, transform=transform) trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=batch_size,                                          shuffle=True, num_workers=2) testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=batch_size,                                          shuffle=False, num_workers=2) def print_model_size(mdl):    torch.save(mdl.state_dict(), "tmp.pt")    print("%.2f MB" %(os.path.getsize("tmp.pt")/1e6))    os.remove('tmp.pt')

模型代码如下，使用AlexNet是因为他包含了我们日常用到的基本层：

 from torch.nn import init class mAlexNet(nn.Module):    def __init__(self, num_classes=2):        super().__init__()        self.input_channel = 3        self.num_output = num_classes        self.layer1 = nn.Sequential(            nn.Conv2d(in_channels=self.input_channel, out_channels= 16, kernel_size= 11, stride= 4),            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2)        )        init.xavier_uniform_(self.layer1[0].weight,gain= nn.init.calculate_gain('conv2d'))        self.layer2 = nn.Sequential(            nn.Conv2d(in_channels= 16, out_channels= 20, kernel_size= 5, stride= 1),            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2)        )        init.xavier_uniform_(self.layer2[0].weight,gain= nn.init.calculate_gain('conv2d'))        self.layer3 = nn.Sequential(            nn.Conv2d(in_channels= 20, out_channels= 30, kernel_size= 3, stride= 1),            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2)        )        init.xavier_uniform_(self.layer3[0].weight,gain= nn.init.calculate_gain('conv2d'))        self.layer4 = nn.Sequential(            nn.Linear(30*3*3, out_features=48),            nn.ReLU(inplace=True)        )        init.kaiming_normal_(self.layer4[0].weight, mode='fan_in', nonlinearity='relu')        self.layer5 = nn.Sequential(            nn.Linear(in_features=48, out_features=self.num_output)        )        init.kaiming_normal_(self.layer5[0].weight, mode='fan_in', nonlinearity='relu')    def forward(self, x):        x = self.layer1(x)        x = self.layer2(x)        x = self.layer3(x)        # Squeezes or flattens the image, but keeps the batch dimension        x = x.reshape(x.size(0), -1)        x = self.layer4(x)        logits= self.layer5(x)        return logits model = mAlexNet(num_classes= 10).to(device)

现在让我们用基本精度模型做一个快速的训练循环来获得基线:

 import torch.optim as optim  def train_model(model):  criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()  optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum = 0.9)   for epoch in range(2):    running_loss =0.0         for i, data in enumerate(trainloader,0):             inputs, labels = data      inputs, labels = inputs.to(device), labels.to(device)       optimizer.zero_grad()      outputs = model(inputs)      loss = criterion(outputs, labels)      loss.backward()      optimizer.step()       # print statistics      running_loss += loss.item()      if i % 1000 == 999:        print(f'[Ep: {epoch + 1}, Step: {i + 1:5d}] loss: {running_loss / 2000:.3f}')        running_loss = 0.0     return model  model = train_model(model) PATH = './float_model.pth' torch.save(model.state_dict(), PATH)

可以看到损失是在降低的，我们这里只演示量化，所以就训练了2轮，对于准确率我们只做对比。

我将做所有三种可能的量化:

我们先从动态量化开始:

 import torch from torch.ao.quantization import (  get_default_qconfig_mapping,  get_default_qat_qconfig_mapping,  QConfigMapping, ) import torch.ao.quantization.quantize_fx as quantize_fx import copy  # Load float model model_fp = mAlexNet(num_classes= 10).to(device) model_fp.load_state_dict(torch.load("./float_model.pth", map_location=device))  # Copy model to qunatize model_to_quantize = copy.deepcopy(model_fp).to(device) model_to_quantize.eval() qconfig_mapping = QConfigMapping().set_global(torch.ao.quantization.default_dynamic_qconfig)  # a tuple of one or more example inputs are needed to trace the model example_inputs = next(iter(trainloader))[0]  # prepare model_prepared = quantize_fx.prepare_fx(model_to_quantize, qconfig_mapping,                  example_inputs) # no calibration needed when we only have dynamic/weight_only quantization # quantize model_quantized_dynamic = quantize_fx.convert_fx(model_prepared)

正如你所看到的，只需要通过模型传递一个示例输入来校准量化层，所以代码十分简单，看看我们的模型对比：

 print_model_size(model) print_model_size(model_quantized_dynamic)

可以看到的，减少了0.03 MB或者说模型变为了原来的75%，我们可以通过静态模式量化使其更小:

 model_to_quantize = copy.deepcopy(model_fp) qconfig_mapping = get_default_qconfig_mapping("qnnpack") model_to_quantize.eval() # prepare model_prepared = quantize_fx.prepare_fx(model_to_quantize, qconfig_mapping, example_inputs) # calibrate with torch.no_grad():    for i in range(20):        batch = next(iter(trainloader))[0]        output = model_prepared(batch.to(device))

静态量化与动态量化是非常相似的，我们只需要传递更多批次的数据来更好地校准模型。

让我们看看这些步骤是如何影响模型的:

可以看到其实程序为我们做了很多事情，所以我们才可以专注于功能而不是具体的实现，通过以上的准备，我们可以进行最后的量化了：

 # quantize model_quantized_static = quantize_fx.convert_fx(model_prepared)

量化后的model_quantized_static看起来像这样:

现在可以更清楚地看到，将Conv2d和Relu层融合并替换为相应的量子化对应层，并对其进行校准。可以将这些模型与最初的模型进行比较:

 print_model_size(model) print_model_size(model_quantized_dynamic) print_model_size(model_quantized_static)

量子化后的模型比原来的模型小3倍，这对于大模型来说非常重要

现在让我们看看如何在量化的情况下训练模型，量化感知的训练就需要在训练的时候加入量化的操作，代码如下：

 model_to_quantize = mAlexNet(num_classes= 10).to(device) qconfig_mapping = get_default_qat_qconfig_mapping("qnnpack") model_to_quantize.train() # prepare model_prepared = quantize_fx.prepare_qat_fx(model_to_quantize, qconfig_mapping, example_inputs)  # training loop model_trained_prepared = train_model(model_prepared)  # quantize model_quantized_trained = quantize_fx.convert_fx(model_trained_prepared)

让我们比较一下到目前为止所有模型的大小。

 print("Regular floating point model: " ) print_model_size( model_fp) print("Weights only qunatization: ") print_model_size( model_quantized_dynamic) print("Weights/Activations only qunatization: ") print_model_size(model_quantized_static) print("Qunatization aware trained: ") print_model_size(model_quantized_trained)

量化感知的训练对模型的大小没有任何影响，但它能提高准确率吗?

 def get_accuracy(model):  correct = 0  total = 0  with torch.no_grad():      for data in testloader:          images, labels = data          images, labels = images, labels          outputs = model(images)          _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)          total += labels.size(0)          correct += (predicted == labels).sum().item()       return 100 * correct / total  fp_model_acc = get_accuracy(model) dy_model_acc = get_accuracy(model_quantized_dynamic) static_model_acc = get_accuracy(model_quantized_static) q_trained_model_acc = get_accuracy(model_quantized_trained)   print("Acc on fp_model:" ,fp_model_acc) print("Acc weigths only quantization:", dy_model_acc) print("Acc weigths/activations quantization" ,static_model_acc) print("Acc on qunatization awere trained model:" ,q_trained_model_acc)

为了更方便的比较，我们可视化一下：

可以看到基础模型与量化模型具有相似的准确性，但模型尺寸大大减小，这在我们希望将其部署到服务器或低功耗设备上时至关重要。

最后一些资料：

/uploads/pic/20230926/cm4l5fmcmgr.html data-track="84">https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/quantization.html

本文代码：

/uploads/pic/20230926/hxd0c4yyfk0